A Critical Review of Determined: Life Without Free Will
Author: Robert M. Sapolsky, Penguin Press, 2023, 528 pages
Abstract
The current paper critically appraises Robert Sapolsky’s recent popular science book, Determined (2023). Sapolsky’s basic claim is that there is much less scope for free will than many intuitively imagine, though book’s subtitle makes clear that free will is viewed as a wholly untenable concept. If there is no scientific basis for free will, Sapolsky argues, there is no basis for individual culpability, and little basis for society be organised around this principle. Modern forms incarceration, laden with notions of personal culpability, are thus unjustified. An instrumental use of quarantine, stripped of notions of guilt and shame, would represent a more rational, scientific approach towards those who behave dangerously. In response, the current review argues that the existence of free will is largely irrelevant to the question of individual responsibility. It also questions whether it is self-evident that society should be based upon a modern scientific understanding of human behaviour, while further arguing that scientific knowledge emerges from a professional culture grounded in individual accountability. Some cautionary reflections are then offered which challenge Sapolsky’s belief that more humane and compassionate societies will emerge if we dispense with notions of free will and personal culpability. Lastly, it will be argued that attributions of guilt and shame may not be wholly corrosive forces, but may in fact be instrumental in the maintenance stable and humane forms of human organisation.
Keywords:
free will, personal responsibility, determinism, scientific knowledge, neurobiologyDownloads
Metrics
References
Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186(4):331–4. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.4.331
Baumeister RF, Tice DM. Anxiety and social exclusion. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1990;9(2):165–95. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165
Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117(3):497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Becker E. The denial of death. 1973. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA55628826
Beevor A, Vinogradova L. A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army, 1941–1945. J Mil Ethics. 2007;6(1):81–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570600913270
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Max Whittaker

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors continue to hold copyright with no restrictions.